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UML介绍：初入职场面对复杂模块，从接触UML开始的故事,商丘营销推广代理
2025-07-14
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UML介绍
初入职场，部门首周便让我掌握一个模块的操作流程，该模块囊括了数十个类别、上百种方法，类别间关系错综复杂，方法调用频繁，我不得不绘制了一张完整的流程图，密密麻麻，然而醒来后的第二天，这张图便变得难以辨认，令我痛不欲生，那种感受至今记忆犹新。当时我抱怨“工具不合适”，自此，我开始接触并学习UML。
统一建模语言UML，它是一种专门用于对软件密集型系统进行可视化的建模工具。
UML图有很多种，主要包含以下几类：
对于初学者而言，无需全面精通所有UML图，即可开展系统分析与设计任务，否则学习负担会过于沉重。依照二八法则，通常情况下，在UML图的运用中，仅需熟练掌握类图、用例图以及时序图，便足以应对大部分工作。特别是对于程序员而言，类图的使用频率最高。鉴于此，本文将专注于介绍UML类图。
抽象类、抽象类、接口和包的UML类图表示类的UML类图表示
UML类图中用矩形框表示一个具体类，矩形框分为三层：
成员变量的标识符前需使用相应的访问限定符进行标注，而成员方法名之后则紧跟冒号“:”，随后是成员变量的数据类型或方法的返回类型。以下为具体示例。
下面是一个具体类的定义：
<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'> <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Student</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> String pubVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">protected</span> String proVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> String priVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> String defaultVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">pubFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"pubFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">protected</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">proFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"proFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">priFun</span>()<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> {<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"priFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">defaultFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"defaultFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
下面是该类对应的UML类图：
抽象类的UML类图表示
在UML的类图中，抽象类也以矩形框来展现，然而，其特征在于类名和抽象方法名称均以斜体形式呈现，除此之外，它们与具体类别并无二致。
下面是一个抽象类的定义：
<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'> <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">abstract</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Person</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> String pubVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">protected</span> String proVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> String priVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> String defaultVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">pubFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"pubFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">protected</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">proFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"proFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">priFun</span>()<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> {<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"priFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">defaultFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"defaultFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> //抽象方法<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> </span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">abstract</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">void</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">abstractFun</span>();<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
其对应的UML类图如下：
接口的UML类图表示
类图中的接口同样以矩形框来展现，不过其表示方式与类有所不同。在类图的第一层，接口的上方会使用“>”符号来标识，以此表明其为一个接口。紧接着，下方会列出接口的名称，而在第二层，则会展示接口所包含的方法。此外，还需留意一点，接口中的方法并未指定访问修饰符，因此其默认的访问权限为公开。
下面是一个接口的定义：
<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'> <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">interface</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Shoes</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">void</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">abstractFun</span>();<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
其对应的UML类图如下：
包的UML类图表示
初入职场，部门首周便让我掌握一个模块的操作流程，该模块囊括了数十个类别、上百种方法，类别间关系错综复杂，方法调用频繁，我不得不绘制了一张完整的流程图，密密麻麻，然而醒来后的第二天，这张图便变得难以辨认，令我痛不欲生，那种感受至今记忆犹新。当时我抱怨“工具不合适”，自此，我开始接触并学习UML。
统一建模语言UML，它是一种专门用于对软件密集型系统进行可视化的建模工具。
UML图有很多种，主要包含以下几类：
对于初学者而言，无需全面精通所有UML图，即可开展系统分析与设计任务，否则学习负担会过于沉重。依照二八法则，通常情况下，在UML图的运用中，仅需熟练掌握类图、用例图以及时序图，便足以应对大部分工作。特别是对于程序员而言，类图的使用频率最高。鉴于此，本文将专注于介绍UML类图。
抽象类、抽象类、接口和包的UML类图表示类的UML类图表示
UML类图中用矩形框表示一个具体类，矩形框分为三层：
成员变量的标识符前需使用相应的访问限定符进行标注，而成员方法名之后则紧跟冒号“:”，随后是成员变量的数据类型或方法的返回类型。以下为具体示例。
下面是一个具体类的定义：
<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'> <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Student</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> String pubVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">protected</span> String proVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> String priVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> String defaultVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">pubFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"pubFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">protected</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">proFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"proFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">priFun</span>()<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> {<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"priFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">defaultFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"defaultFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
下面是该类对应的UML类图：
抽象类的UML类图表示
在UML的类图中，抽象类也以矩形框来展现，然而，其特征在于类名和抽象方法名称均以斜体形式呈现，除此之外，它们与具体类别并无二致。
下面是一个抽象类的定义：
<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'> <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">abstract</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Person</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> String pubVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">protected</span> String proVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> String priVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> String defaultVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">pubFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"pubFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">protected</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">proFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"proFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">priFun</span>()<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> {<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"priFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">defaultFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"defaultFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> //抽象方法<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> </span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">abstract</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">void</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">abstractFun</span>();<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
其对应的UML类图如下：
接口的UML类图表示
类图中的接口同样以矩形框来展现，不过其表示方式与类有所不同。在类图的第一层，接口的上方会使用“>”符号来标识，以此表明其为一个接口。紧接着，下方会列出接口的名称，而在第二层，则会展示接口所包含的方法。此外，还需留意一点，接口中的方法并未指定访问修饰符，因此其默认的访问权限为公开。
下面是一个接口的定义：
<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'> <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">interface</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Shoes</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">void</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">abstractFun</span>();<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
其对应的UML类图如下：
包的UML类图表示
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