try {
    // 可能抛出异常的代码
    throw exception_type("错误信息");
}
catch (exception_type& e) {
    // 捕获并处理特定类型的异常
    std::cout << "捕获异常：" << e.what() << std::endl;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
<p>int main() {
try {
throw std::runtime_error("测试异常");
}
catch (const std::runtime_error& e) {
std::cout << "运行时错误：" << e.what() << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}</p>

try {
    // ...
    throw std::invalid_argument("参数错误");
}
catch (const std::invalid_argument& e) {
    std::cout << "参数异常：" << e.what() << std::endl;
}
catch (const std::runtime_error& e) {
    std::cout << "运行时异常：" << e.what() << std::endl;
}
catch (const std::exception& e) {
    std::cout << "通用异常：" << e.what() << std::endl;
}
catch (...) {
    std::cout << "未知异常被捕获" << std::endl;
}

class MyException : public std::exception {
public:
    const char* what() const noexcept override {
        return "自定义异常发生";
    }
};
<p>// 使用
throw MyException();</p>

void risky_function() {
    std::unique_ptr<int[]> data(new int[1000]); // 自动释放
    if (/* 错误条件 */)
        throw std::runtime_error("出错了");
    // 即使抛出异常，data也会被自动释放
}

void safe_func() noexcept {
    // 保证不抛出异常
}
<p>void may_throw() noexcept(false) {
throw 1;
}</p>