class ValidationException extends Exception
{
    private $errors = [];
<pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'>public function __construct($message, $errors = [], $code = 0, Throwable $previous = null)
{
    $this->errors = $errors;
    parent::__construct($message, $code, $previous);
}

public function getErrors(): array
{
    return $this->errors;
}

}

function validateUser(array $data)
{
    $errors = [];
    if (empty($data['email'])) {
        $errors[] = '邮箱不能为空';
    }
    if (empty($data['password']) || strlen($data['password']) < 6) {
        $errors[] = '密码至少6位';
    }
<pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'>if (!empty($errors)) {
    throw new ValidationException('验证失败', $errors);
}

}

// 使用 try-catch 捕获 try { validateUser(['email' => '', 'password' => '123']); } catch (ValidationException $e) { echo "提示：{$e->getMessage()}\n"; foreach ($e->getErrors() as $error) { echo "- $error\n"; } }

class DatabaseException extends Exception {}
class ApiException extends Exception {}
class PaymentException extends Exception {}